11/22/2023 0 Comments Con que pica el mosquitoIn addition to this the obtained data allowed to evaluate the differences and similarities between the two virus cycles and the role of environmental and climatic factors in the diffusion of the viruses.įigure 1. The main aim of the surveillance system was the early detection of viral circulation. While WNV was only detected in Culex pipiens, USUV was also found in Aedes albopictus mosquito pools moreover, unlike USUV, WNV was more abundant in rural areas. ĭue to the lack of ecological data, the USUV cycle is often assimilated to the WNV cycle, but some ecological differences emerged between the two viruses during their simultaneous detections in Emilia-Romagna region in 2009. Furthermore USUV IgG-specific antibodies were recently identified in four healthy blood donors with no history of flavivirus infection in Italy. This virus appears to be pathogenic to humans, as demonstrated by some case reports: USUV-related illness in two immunocompromised patients reported in the Emilia-Romagna region in summer 2009, detection of USUV in cerebrospinal fluid from three patients with meningoencephalitis isolation of USUV from two patients in Africa, one with fever and rash, and one 10-year-old with fever and jaundice and detection in a patient with rash in Austria. While the risks of WNV for human health are well recognized, the medical importance of USUV is not fully understood. WNV and USUV show several common characteristics: the main vectors of both viruses are largely ornithophilic mosquitoes, mainly of the genus Culex wild birds are principal reservoirs of WNV and potentially also of USUV both viruses can be pathogenic for these host species, ,, ,, ,. While WNV activity was reported in Europe since the 1960s, , and several studies implied the silent circulation of this virus in Europe, , USUV was first confirmed in Europe in Vienna in 2001 and subsequently spread to neighboring countries, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland Czech Republic, and Poland USUV was also detected in other European countries, such as Spain and England. In 2009 this system detected Usutu virus, another flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex, phylogenetically closely related to WNV. Surveillance was increased in subsequent years, extending the monitored area and increasing the number of sampled birds and mosquitoes. A surveillance system with these characteristics was set up in the Emilia-Romagna region during 2008, after detection of WNV in the region. Following this indications, a surveillance system targeting West Nile virus (WNV) (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) should mainly include Culex mosquitoes and wild birds, such as corvids, major vectors and reservoirs of the virus, respectively. Surveillance systems should be established to monitor specific arthropod and vertebrate species, according to the target virus and environmental conditions. The detection of viruses in invertebrate vectors and vertebrate reservoir hosts is an important part of public health surveillance systems that allows analysis of the intensity and seasonality of viral circulation in the environment it provides date for the timely planning of preventive measures such as blood donation screening. In recent years, there have been increasing global reports of diseases due to arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses),. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. No other external funding was utilized for this study. Also funds obtained by the IZSLER project, financed by the Italian Ministry of Health ( ), on West Nile virus overwintering mechanisms in Emilia-Romagna region (PRC2009004) were utilized. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: The Regione Emilia-Romagna ( had partially funded this work to IZSLER ( and CAA ( by the Regional project on insect borne diseases (COMM07001). Received: DecemAccepted: Published: May 30, 2012Ĭopyright: © 2012 Calzolari et al. Coffey, Blood Systems Research Institute, United States of America (2012) Mosquito, Bird and Human Surveillance of West Nile and Usutu Viruses in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) in 2010. Citation: Calzolari M, Gaibani P, Bellini R, Defilippo F, Pierro A, Albieri A, et al.
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